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\author{\href{http://arachnoid.com/administration}{Paul Lutus}\\
\href{http://arachnoid.com}{http://arachnoid.com}}
\title{The Right to Choose}
\date{April 10, 2017 \linebreak \linebreak Most recent revision: \today}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
\noindent\rule{.9\textwidth}{.1px}

A political system's wisdom can be measured, not by what it prohibits, but by what it defends as individual rights. Modern conservatives rightly point out that a small government is more consistent with democratic principles than a large, paternalistic one, and that many top-down controls could and should be put aside in favor of individual choice.

But while reading U.S. history, and in apparent contradiction of these principles, we find that conservatives have selected certain issues for vigorous top-down governmental enforcement in ways that deny individual rights. For example, antebellum slave owners, otherwise conservative in outlook, insisted on governmental intervention to defend their imagined right to own human beings. Another example is seen in the McCarthy anti-Communist witch hunts of the 1950s, during which certain political views were turned into \textit{de facto} crimes against the state, in an otherwise reasonably democratic system.

Another example is interference in a woman's right to choose, but unlike slavery or McCarthyism it's a present-day controversy. This article examines the contradiction represented by conservatives rightly objecting to governments meddling in the lives and rights of individuals, but on the issue of reproductive choice, performing an about-face and objecting that big government isn't doing enough to prevent the exercise of this particular right. This article explores the reasons for that contradiction.

\noindent\rule{.9\textwidth}{.1px}
\end{abstract}

\tableofcontents
\listoffigures

\section{Overview}

\subsection{Tomi Lahren}

In March 2017, conservative commentator Tomi Lahren\endnote{\label{Tomi Lahren}\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomi_Lahren}{Tomi Lahren} -- conservative commentator, fired for her pro-choice views.} found herself in the midst of a firestorm of controversy over pro-choice views she expressed in the media:

\begin{quotation}
``I am pro-choice, and here's why,'' Lahren said. ``I am ... someone that loves the Constitution, I am someone that's for limited government, so I can't sit here and be a hypocrite and say I'm for limited government but I think that the government should decide what women do with their bodies. I can sit here and say that as a Republican, and I can say, you know what, I'm for limited government so stay out of my guns and you can stay out of my body as well,'' she said.\endnote{\href{https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2017/03/19/tomi-lahren-slammed-pro-choice-stance-comments-view}{Tomi Lahren show on hold after she voiced 'pro-choice' stance} -- A media report of Tomi Lahren's controversial pro-choice stance.}

\end{quotation}

Needless to say, on ideological grounds Lahren was quickly fired from her position as conservative commentator\endnote{\href{https://www.dallasnews.com/news/news/2017/04/07/tomi-lahren-sues-glenn-beck-blaze-wrongful-termination}{Tomi Lahren sues Glenn Beck, The Blaze for wrongful termination over pro-choice stance} -- an account of Tomi Lahren's legal actions after her show was canceled.}. Lahren's firing dramatizes the contradiction presented by the mainstream libertarian\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism}{Libertarianism} -- a political outlook that favors personal liberty and expresses skepticism of authority and state power.} outlook of many conservatives (too much governmental control, too little personal liberty), alongside a demand for more governmental interference in the reproductive rights of women.

\subsection{The Contradiction}

An alien visiting from another planet might ask, ``Why are conservatives against women's reproductive rights, and liberals in favor? Wouldn't it be more logical for liberals to hold anti-choice views? After all, liberals are more likely to demand governmental controls and go along with what government thinks is best, while conservatives have historically championed individual liberty and freedom of choice.''

The alien is right -- this does represent a first-class contradiction, but there's a reason for the Republican party's outlook on reproductive rights, and contrary to what one might think it's not driven by morality, compassion or religious belief. The reason is purely economic, and it shows the efficiency with which opinion leaders can manipulate rank and file Republicans into an outlook that contradicts their core values -- except a handful of individuals like Tomi Lahren.

Before we explore the reason for this contradiction, we need a background in reproductive science.

\section{In Depth}

\subsection{Fact List}

Here are some facts about reproduction:

\begin{enumerate}

\item When a woman reaches puberty, she has about 350,000 eggs available\endnote{\href{http://www.butterflybirth.com/how-many-eggs-is-a-female-human-born-with/}{How many eggs is a female human born with?} -- by the time she reaches puberty, she has about 350,000 available.}, each of which can become a human being in the right circumstances. This means when a woman dies, nearly all those potential human beings die with her.

\item Barring fertilization, each month a fertile woman expels an egg, a potential human being. This means between the onset of puberty (median age 12)\endnote{\href{http://www.medicinenet.com/puberty/article.htm}{Puberty} -- a reference for the onset of puberty.} and menopause (median age 51)\endnote{\href{http://www.medicinenet.com/menopause/article.htm}{Menopause} -- a reference for the onset of menopause.}, a typical woman expels about 500 potential human beings\footnote{Based on this estimate: $(51-12) \frac{365.25}{28} = 508.7$}.

\item \label{implantation} In the event of fertilization, an egg moves from the fallopian tubes to the uterus and tries to implant itself in the uterine wall. During this phase, about 50\% of fertilized eggs are lost\endnote{\href{https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/conception_how_it_works/}{Conception -- How It Works (UCSF Medical Center)}}.

\item \label{miscarriage} After implantation, the next obstacle is miscarriage. A miscarriage\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage}{Miscarriage} -- otherwise known as natural abortion.} is the natural but unintended termination of a pregnancy. According to the linked reference the overall miscarriage rate for all human fertilizations is 30\% - 50\% potential human beings. The linked article says, ``Some recommend not using the term `abortion' in discussions with those experiencing a miscarriage in an effort to decrease distress.'' I personally would want to say, ``Yes, it's an abortion, but nature did it, not a doctor, so it's all right.''

\item The outcome for points \ref{implantation} and \ref{miscarriage} above is that 25\% - 30\% of fertilized eggs lead to a live birth -- mother nature aborts the remaining 60\% - 75\%.

\item Studies show\endnote{\label{Education and Fertility}\href{https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/11/the-relationship-between-womens-education-and-fertility/}{The relationship between women’s education and fertility} -- a clearly demonstrated relationship between higher education and smaller family sizes.} that educated women want, and where possible have, smaller families\footnote{More formally expressed, there is a strong worldwide correlation between a woman's educational level and a desire to limit her family's size.}. There are many reasons, among which are the fact that women with small families can pursue a career, her children are better off economically and educationally, and educated women are more likely to understand global population issues.

\item The Donohue-Levitt Hypothesis\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect}{Legalized abortion and crime effect} -- a hypothesis that legalizing abortion reduced the U.S. crime rate.} claims that legalizing abortion reduced the subsequent U.S. crime rate. Ordinarily such a claim can be dismissed as a correlation without a proven cause-effect relationship, all too common in the social sciences, but the research that led to this hypothesis includes supportive statistics based on the dates at which abortion was legalized in different parts of the country, and corresponding differences in crime rates over time.

Some have criticized this theory for certain methodological flaws and questionable assumptions. All we can say for sure is that legalizing abortion was \textit{accompanied} by a substantial reduction in the crime rate, and one \textit{possible} explanation is that there are now fewer unwanted, unloved children, children who might become criminals.

\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Analysis}

The above fact list shows that, during a woman's life, nature throws away the majority of potential human beings. The reason? Limited resources -- increasing the number of children doesn't automatically increase the resources available to support those children, indeed there's no more certain way to increase human suffering and crime rates than to increase the birth rate without also increasing available resources. It seems that nature has many ways to prevent the birth of unwanted children, including the discarding of most potential human beings, a process many call "natural abortion."

But is abortion the answer? Only in the extreme case where social and natural forces have interfered with other, simpler methods. But why would other methods fail? After all, there are any number of low-impact ways to prevent the birth of an unwanted or unsupportable child. Here are some of the ways:

\begin{itemize}

\item We could offer birth control knowledge and methods to people who want to control their fertility, so the only children born are those who are wanted and loved. But conservatives do what they can to prevent the ready availability of birth control knowledge and methods.

\item We could intervene and offer sexually active young people confidential counseling in sexual matters, relying on behavior modification to protect them from the consequences of this kind of activity. But conservatives do what they can to prevent sexual counseling in schools.

\item We could educate young people -- before they become sexually active -- about the risks and dangers in early sexual activity, provide them with the knowledge to protect themselves. But conservatives do what they can to prevent early sex education in schools.

\end{itemize}

The conclusion? If conservatives didn't fight against every aspect of sex education and family planning, abortion would be a very rare procedure, reserved for only the most extreme circumstances. But that's not reality -- in reality, conservatives have successfully fought against all measures that would limit the birth of unwanted, unexpected children, often to the least-prepared, poorest parents. Why is that?

\subsection{Growth is Good}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{graphics/factory_diagram.png}
    \caption{The Factory}
\end{figure}

Imagine you own a factory. Your factory has two doors. Workers arrive through one door, ready to manufacture what you sell. Customers arrive through the other door, ready to buy what you sell. Can your business increase in size, create more income? Well, yes, easily done -- all you need to do is increase the number of customers ready to buy what you sell.

But wouldn't that increase in demand exceed your factory's ability to manufacture what you sell? Yes, but that problem would be solved if there were a corresponding increase in the number of available workers.

As it happens, there's a simple method to solve all these problems -- increase the number of customers, increase the number of workers, and grow your business. To accomplish this, all you need to do is keep people from controlling the number of children they have, from \textit{choosing}, from exercising \textit{reproductive self-determination}.

But wait -- what if people find out what you're up to? Won't it seem predatory and exploitative if it comes out that you're forcing people to have more children than they would if they were free to choose? Maybe there's a way to conceal your true motive for denying free choice. How about this -- we can say it's all about morality -- that limiting the birthrate is immoral, because potential human beings are being discarded. We could even abandon all rational discourse and call it murder.

\subsection{Redefining Reproduction}

In a perfect outcome for the factory owner, and because of a well-funded public-relations campaign, society's common-sense views on sexuality and reproduction are redefined:

\begin{itemize}

\item Sex education in the schools is redefined as an encouragement for young people to engage in immoral sexual activity.

\item Family planning knowledge and methods are redefined as immoral and dangerous because (a) they might encourage young people to engage in sexual activities, and (b) they destroy potential human beings.

\item Abortion, a miscarriage by other means, is redefined as murder.

\item In every part of this process, the real rights of the born are abandoned in favor of the imagined rights of the unborn.

\end{itemize}

\subsection{Governmental Coercion}

The point of this section is to show how and why commercial, corporate interests are behind anti-choice politics. Factory owners, stockholders, corporate interests, all want continued growth, and the more growth, the better. The easiest way to make that happen is to persuade people that it's their moral duty to procreate, and that those who instead choose to complete their educations, learn how to think for themselves and exercise their right of free choice, are living in sin.

The irony of the anti-choice faction is that it's been embraced by the Republican party, the party supposedly in favor of smaller government and a libertarian outlook. But the effect of anti-choice politics is to increase the number of people dependent on big government to survive, as well as decrease the number of educated people intellectually prepared to lead America into our future.

\section{The Meaning of Choice}

This section shows what happens when women are free to choose.

\subsection{Lisa Randall}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{graphics/Lisa_Randall.jpg}
    \caption{Lisa Randall}
\end{figure}

Lisa Randall\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall}{Lisa Randall} -- professor of physics, Harvard University.} is a professor of physics at Harvard University. Randall works at the frontier of theoretical physics, exploring the universe in a way that requires a rare combination of intellectual ability and esoteric knowledge. Her theoretical papers are widely cited by other workers in her field, and in 2004 she was the most cited physicist of the prior five years. In 2007, Randall was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People\endnote{\href{http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1615997,00.html}{2007 Time 100 : Lisa Randall}}.

Professor Randall sometimes expresses a wish to have children:

\begin{quotation}
``Children are the biggest issue for most women in science,'' [Randall] says, ``because, like it or not, society still sees women as the primary carers. Part of me really wants to have children, but another part of me wants to put it off as long as possible, because there is so much more work I want to do and I'm very intolerant of distractions.''\endnote{\href{https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/jun/21/highereducation.highereducationprofile}{Lisa Randall: Warped view of the universe} -- an article in which Professor Randall discusses her desire to have children in a way that doesn't interfere with her work.} 
\end{quotation}

The point? We have Professor Randall's contributions because \textit{Professor Randall has choice}.

\subsection{Jane Goodall}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{graphics/jane_goodall.jpg}
    \caption{Jane Goodall}
\end{figure}

Jane Goodall\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Goodall}{Jane Goodall} -- primatologist, world's foremost expert on chimpanzees.}, regarded as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, is best known for her 55-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.

Doctor Goodall has received many awards for her scientific work including the Gold Medal of Conservation from the San Diego Zoological Society, the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize, and the National Geographic Society Centennial Award. In 2002 she was named a Messenger of Peace by the United Nations.

Since the time of her most important field work, Goodall has begun educating the public about the destruction of chimpanzee habitat and the unethical treatment of chimpanzees and other primates.

Jane Goodall has one child, a son, by her first husband, after the majority of her Africa field work was complete. Goodall's role as a parent is typical of successful women: they become parents \textit{when they choose}.

\subsection{Ada Lovelace}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{graphics/Ada-Lovelace-image.jpg}
    \caption{Ada Lovelace}
\end{figure}

Ada Lovelace\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace}{Ada Lovelace} -- the world's first computer programmer.} (1815--1852) was the only legitimate child of Lord Byron\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron}{Lord Byron} -- British poet, peer and politician, father of Ada Lovelace.}. During her childhood and with her mother's guidance and encouragement, a number of skilled teachers nurtured Lovelace's talents in mathematics and logic.

While a teenager, Lovelace met and began working with Charles Babbage\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage}{Charles Babbage} -- inventor and designer of some early computing devices.}, primarily on Babbage's ``Analytical engine'', a design for a mechanical computer far more advanced than the technology of the day. As this project moved forward, Lovelace assumed a role that a modern person would describe as ``programmer'' -- she produced advanced algorithms for the analytical engine that, had the device been completed, we know would have worked. On that basis Lovelace is known as the world's first computer programmer.

In recognition of Lovelace's pioneering work, The U.S. Department of Defense named a computer language after Lovelace -- the advanced language ``Ada''\endnote{\href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)}{Ada (programming language)} -- named after Ada Lovelace.} was designed to supersede and replace about 850 older computer languages in use at the time.

Ada Lovelace's story is remarkable primarily because of the time in which she lived, a time when women had few rights or freedoms. Her professional success came about largely due to Ada's mother's influence and guardianship, and her awareness of all the ways a young woman's life can go off the rails.

\subsection{Conclusion}

The stories of these and many other women are all the more remarkable because of the hostile political atmosphere in which they lived (and live) -- an atmosphere in which women are told they have only one purpose, and are pushed toward a confining role that diminishes both the individuals and the society around them.

Tomi Lahren's\textsuperscript{\ref{Tomi Lahren}} recent willingness to speak her mind -- at great personal cost -- should serve as a wake-up call that the Republican party has adopted a policy that contradicts common sense, sound conservative principles, and public sentiment.

The biggest threat to the anti-choice faction of the Republican party is, not political opposition or appeals to morality, but education -- studies show\textsuperscript{\ref{Education and Fertility}} that educated women respect the right to choose, and they want it -- for themselves and for their children.

Until reproductive self-determination is universally recognized as a basic human right, until every birth results from the free choice of a free woman, we haven't earned the right to call ourselves civilized.

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}

\theendnotes
\end{document}
